makalah adjective clause
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
..................................................................
CHAPTER
I .......................................................................................
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Problem Background
1.2
Problem Formulation
1.3
Writing purpose
CHAPTER
II ........................................................................................
DISCUSSION
......................................................................................
A.
DEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ..................................
2.1.
Adjective
clause pronouns used as the subject..........................................
2.2.
Adjective
clause pronouns used as the object of a verb...............................
2.3.
Adjective
Clause pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition.....................
2.4.
Using Whose....................................................................................
2.5.
Using where in Adjective Clauses.....................................................................
2.6.
Using when in Adjective Clauses......................................................................
2.7.
Using
Adjective Clauses to modify Pronouns.....................................................
2.8.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses.........................................................................
2.9.
Using
Expressions of Quantity in Ad jective Clauses...........................................
2.10.
Using
which to Modify a Whole Sentences........................................................
2.11.
Reducing
Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases...............................................
CHAPTER
II
CLOSING
...........................................................................................
3.1. Conclusion
....................................................................................
3.2. Suggestion
..............................................................................................
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Problem
Background
English
is the language used by almost every person in the world. At the present time,
learning English is very important. English language is not only used to talk
to the west, but has become a requirement to enter the world of work. Children
in schools in Asian countries, must learn English. There is so much discussion
in English. But that will be discussed in this paper is about the adjective
clause. Adjective clause ia a very important discussion because it is very
often used both in conversation especially in the writing of English. In this
paper, We will attempt to explain a little about the adjective clause.
1.2
Problem
Formulation
what
is the definition of adjective clause?
How
to use adjective clause?
How
is position of adjective clause?
How
is the ususal patterns of adjective clause?
1.3
Writing
Purpose
To fulfill Grammar
task
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
A. DEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause is a dependent
clause (dependent word + subject and verb) that describes a noun. You can
imagine that an adjective clause is taking two sentences about the same noun
and making them into one sentence. Adjective clause is a group of words which
contains a Subject and Predicate of its owm, and does the work of an adjective.
Adjective clause can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical
conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an example
of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots
indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on
clause-to-phrase reductin in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the
relative pronoun must be a Subject pronoun in all cases.
2-1 Adjective clause pronouns
used as the subject
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I thanked the woman
She helped me
↓
(a) I
thanked the woman who
helped me
(b) I
thanked the woman that
helped me
The
book is mine
It
is one that table
↓
(c) The
book which is on the
table is mine
(d) The
book that is on the
table is mine
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In (a) : i thanked the woman = a main clause
Who helped me = an
adjective clause
An adjective clause modifies a noun
In (a) the adjective clause modifies woman
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In (a): Who is the subject of the adjective clause.
In (b): that is the subject of the adjective clause.
NOTE: (a) and (b) have the same meaning; (c) and (d) have the same
meaning.
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|
Who = used for people
Which = used for things
That = used for both people and things
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(e) CORRECT:
The book that is on the table is mine.
(f) INCORRECT:
The book is mine
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An adjective clause closely follows the noun it modifies.
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A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. There
are two kinds of clauses: Independent and
dependent. In example (a):
·
The main clause (I thanked the woman) is also called an independent clause. An indpendent clause is a complete sentence and
can stand alone.
·
The adjective clause (who helped me) is a dependent clause. A dependent is NOT a
complete sentence and cannot stand alone. A dependent clause must be connected
to an independent clause.
2-2 Adjective clause pronouns
used as the object of a verb
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|
The man was Mr.Jones
I saw him
↓
(a)
The man who(m) I saw
was Mr. Jones
(b)
The man that I saw was Mr. Jones
(c)
The man ф I saw was
Mr. Jones
The
movie was’t very good.
We
saw it last night.
↓
(d)
The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good
(e)
The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good
(f)
The movie O we saw last night wasn’t very good
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Notice in the example: the adjective clause pronouns are placed at
the beginning of the clause.
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In (a): who is usually used instead of whom, especially in
speaking. Whom is generally used only in very formal English.
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|
In (c) and (f): An object pronoun is often omitted (O) from an
adjective clause. (A sunject pronoun, however, may not be omitted)
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Who(m) = used for people
Which = used for
things
That = used for both people and things
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|
(g) Incorrect:
The man who(m) I saw him was Mr. Jones
The man that i saw him was
Mr. Jones
The man I saw him was Mr.
Jones
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In (g): The pronoun him must be removed. Is is
unnecessary because who(m), that, or O functions as the object of the verb saw.
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2-3 Adjective Clause pronouns
Used as the Object of a Preposition
|
|
She is the woman.
I told you about her ↓↓фф
(a) She
is the woman
(b) She
is the woman
(c) She
is the woman
(d) She
is the woman
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In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the
adjective clause, as in (a) and (e). Usually, however, in everyday usage, the
Preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause, as in
the other examples.
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NOTE: If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective
clause, only whom or which may be used. A preposition is
never immediately followed by that
or who.
INCORRECT: She is the woman
INCORRECT: The music
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|
2-4 Using Whose
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|
I know the man.
His
bicyle was stolen.
↓↓
(a) I
know the man whose bicyle was
stolen.
The student
writes well.
I read her composition.
↓
(b) The
student whose composition I read
writes well.
|
Whose is used to show
possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as
adjectives: his, her, its, and their.
Like his, her, its, and their, whose
is connected to a noun:
His bicyle → whose bicyle
Her composition → whose composition
Both whose and the noun it
is connected to are placed at the beginning of the adjective clause Whose cannot be omitted.
|
(c)
I worked at a company whose employees wanted to form a union.
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Whose usually modifies
people, but it may also be used to modify things, as in (c).
|
(d) That’s
the boy whose parents you met.
(e) That’s
the boy who’s in my math class.
(f) That’s
the boy who’s been living at our
house since his mother was arrested.
|
Whose and who’s have the same pronunciation.
Who’s can mean who is, as in (e), or who has, as in (f).
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2-5 Using where in Adjective
Clauses
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The building is very old.
He lives there (In building).
(a) The
building where he
lives is very old.
(b) The
building in which he lives
is very old.
The building which he lives in is very old.
The building that
he lives in is very old.
The building Ф he lives in is very old.
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Where is used in an
adjective clauses to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc)
If where used, a
preposition is NOT included in the adjective
clause, as in(a).
If where is not used, the
preposition must be included, as in (b).
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2-6 Using when in Adjective Clauses
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I’ll never forget the day.
I met you then (on that day)
(a) I’ll
never forget the day when
I met you.
(b) I’ll
never forget the day on which
I met you.
(c) I’ll
never forget the day that I met you.
(d) I’ll
never forget the day Ф I met you.
|
When is used in an
adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, century, etc).
The use of a preposition in a adjective clauses that modifies a noun
of time is somewhat different from that in other adjective clauses: a
preposition is used preceding which,
as in (b); otherwise, the preposition
is omitted.
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2-7 Using Adjective Clauses to modify Pronouns
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|
(a) There
is someone I want you to meet.
(b) Everything he said was pure nonsense.
(c)
Anybody
who wants to come is welcome.
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Adjective clauses can modify indenfinite pronouns (e.g).,someone
evrybody).
Object pronouns (e.g., who(m), that, which) are usually omitted in
the adjective clause, as in (a) and (b).
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(d) Paula
was the only one I knew at the
party.
(e) Scholarships
arew available for those who need
financial assistance
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Adjective clauses can modify the
one (s) and those.*
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Come from a
country in Asia.
(g) It
is I who am responsible.
(h) He who laughs last laughs best.
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Adjective clauses are almost never used to modify personal pronouns.
Native English speakers would not write the sentence in (f).
Example (g) is possible, but very formal and uncommon.
Example (h) is a well-known saying in which he is used as an indefinigte ptronoun (meaning “anyone” or “any
person”).
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2-8 Punctuating Adjective Clauses
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General guidelines for the punctuation of adjective clauses:
(1) Do NOT USE COMMAS IF the adjective
clause is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.*
(2) USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause
simply gives additional information and is not necessary to indentify the
noun it modifies.**
(a) The professor who teaches Chemistry
101 is an excellent lecturer.
(b) Professor Wilson, who teaches
Chemistry 101, is an excellent
lecturer.
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In (a): No commas are used. The adjectuve clause is necessary to
identify which professor is meant.
In (b): Commas are used. The adjective clause is not necessary to
identify Professor Wilson. We already know who he is: he has a nime. The
adjective clause simply gives additional information.
|
(c) Hawaii, which consists of eight
principal island, is a favorite
vacation spot.
(d) Mrs. Smith, who is retired teacher, does volunteer work at the
hospital.
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GUIDELINE: Use commas, as in (b), (c), and (d), if an adjective clause
modifies a proper noun. (A proper noun begins with a capital letter).
NOTE: A comma reflects a pause in speech.
|
(e)
The
man who(m)
that I met teaches chemistry.
Ф
(f) Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry.
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In (e): if no commas are ued, any possible pronoun may be used in the
adjectivew clause. Object pronound may be omitted.
In (f): When commas are necessary, the pronoun may not be used (only who, whom, which, whose, where, and when may bw used), and object pronouns cannot be
omitted.
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COMPARE THE MEANING:
(g) We
took some childreen on a picnic. The
children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we
arrived at the park.
(h) We
took some children on a picnic. The
children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as sson as we
arrived at the park. The others olayed a different game.
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In (g): The used of commas means that all of the children wanted to
play soccer and all of the children ran to an open field. The adjective
clause is used only to give additional information about the children.
In (h): The lack commas means that only some of the children wanted
tp play soccer. The adjective clause is used to identify which children ran
to the open field.
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*Adjective clauses that do not require commas are called essential or restrictive or identifying.
**Adjective clauses that require commas are called nonessential or nonrestrictive or nonidentifying.
NOTE:Nonessential adjective clauses are
more common in writing than in speaking.
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2-9 Using Expressions of Quantity in Ad jective
Clauses
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In my class there are 20 students.
Most of them are from Asia.
(a) In
my class there are 20 students, most of whom
are from Asia.
(b) He
gave several reasons, only a few of which
were valid.
(c) The
teachers discussed Jim, one of whose
problems was poor study habits.
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An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of: some of, many of, most of, none
of, two of, half of, both of, etc.
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The expression of quantity precedes the pronoun. Only whom, which,and whose are used in this pattern.
This pattern is more common in writing than speaking.
Commas are used.
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2-10 Using which to Modify a Whole Sentences
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||
(a) Ttom
was late. That surprised me
(b) Tom
was late , which surprised me
(c) The
elevator is out of order. This is
too bad.
(d) The
elevator is out of order, which is
too bad.
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The pronouns that and this can refer to the idea of a whole
sentence which comes before.
In (a): The word that refers
to the whole sentence Tom was late.
Similarly, an adjective clause with which may modify the idea of a whole sentence.
In (b): The word which refers
to the wholr sentence Tom was late.
Using which to modify a
whole sentence is informal and occurs most frequently in spoken English. This
structure is generally not appropriate in formal writing. Whenever it is
written, however, it is proceded by a comma to reflect a pause in speeach.
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2-11 Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective
Phrases
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CLAUSE: A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject
and a verb.
PHRASE: A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a
subject and a verb.
(a) CLAUSE:
The girl whomis sitting next to me is
Mai.
(b) PHRASE:
The girl sitting next to me is
Mai.
(c) CLAUSE:
The girl (whom) I saw was Mai.
(d) PHRASE:
(none)
|
An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It
modifies a noun. It does not contain a subject and verb.
Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun--- who, which, or that ---- are reduced to modifying adjective phrases. The
adjective clause in (c) cannot be reduced to an adjective phrase.
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(e) CLAUSE:
The man who is talking to John is
from Korea.
PHRASE: The man Ф Ф talking to John is from Korea.
(f) CLAUSE:
The ideas which are presented in
that book are good.
PHRASE: The ideas Ф Ф
presented in that book are good.
(g) CLAUSE:
Ann is the woman that is responsible for the error.
PHRASE: Ann is the woman Ф Ф responsible for the error.
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There are two ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an
adjective phrase.
1.If the adjective clause contains the be form of a verb, omit the subject pronoun and the be form, as in (e), (f), and (g).*
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(h) CLAUSE:
English has an alphabet that consists of
26 letters.
PHRASE: English has an
alphabet Ф consisting of 26 letters.
(i) CLAUSE:
Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
PHRASE: Anyone Ф
wanting to come with us is welcome.
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2.If there is no be form
of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the
subject pronoun and change the verb
ton its-ing form, as in (h) and
(i).
|
(j) Paris, which is the capital of
France, is an exciting city.
(k) Paris, the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
|
If the adjective clause requires commas, as in (j), the adjective
phrase also requires commas, as in (k). An adjective phrase in which a noun
follows another noun, as in (k), is called an appositive.
|
*If an adjective clauses that contains be + a single adjective is changed, the adjective is moved to its
normal position in front of the noun it modifies.
CLAUSE: Fruit that is fresh tastes better than
old, soft, mushy fruit.
CORRECT PHRASE: Fresh fruit tastes better than old,
soft, mushy fruit.
INCORRECT PHRASE: Fruit
fresh tastes better thn old, soft, mushy fruit.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.
CONCLUSION
Adjective
clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its owm,
and does the work of an adjective. Adjective clause can be reduced to adjective
phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will
see a noun modified by an adjective
clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective
phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are
focusing only on clause-to-phrase reductin in these examples. For such
reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be a Subject pronoun in all
cases.
Conjunction
between one another clause in the adjective clause are :
1.
Who
Its function is to replace the subject
(person)
2.
Whom
Its function is to describe the object
(person)
3.
Which
Its function is used for objects, either
in subject or object position.
B.
SUGGESTION
As English college students, we have to always
concern and develop our knowledge about English, especially in Adjective
Clause.
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